Earlier the syllabus for year 2009 for Principles of Accounts Ordinary level was mentioned, again extracted below from the Singapore Examinations and Assessment Board are the syllabus 7092 for 2010 PRINCIPLES OF ACCOUNTS GCE ORDINARY LEVEL:
INTRODUCTION
The syllabus aims to develop an understanding of the principles and concepts of accounting and their applications in a variety of business situations. Candidates will acquire basic knowledge in double entry and develop the ability to prepare, present, analyse and interpret financial statements.
The syllabus is organised into six sections:
(i) role of accounting which is to provide information for monitoring and decision making by different users;
(ii) double entry system of book-keeping which comprises the accounting equation, source
documents, books of prime entry, the cash book, the general journal, the ledger and the trial balance;
(iii) accounting procedures regarding capital and revenue expenditure, depreciation,
adjustments to ledger accounts, the correction of errors and control accounts;
(iv) fundamentals of preparing the final accounts i.e. Trading Account, Profit and Loss
Account, Balance Sheet and the operation of partnerships;
(v) preparation of final accounts for sole traders and partnerships, including the use of incomplete records; and
(vi) analysis and interpretation of final accounts involving ratios.
AIMS
To enable students to:
• acquire knowledge and understanding of fundamental accounting concepts, principles, and
procedures in the context of business aims and activities;
• develop skills in preparing, analysing and interpreting accounting information and understanding their implication;
• develop an understanding of the role of accounting in providing an information system for monitoring and decision making;
• develop skills of numeracy, information technology literacy, communication, inquiry, presentation and interpretation;
• develop attitudes of accuracy, orderliness and logical thought and an appreciation of professional ethics.
SYLLABUS CONTENT
The syllabus content is presented together with learning outcomes to provide teachers with more specific guidance as to what each of the syllabus areas requires.
The arrangement of the topics in this section is not an indication of the sequence in which they should be taught.
1 THE ROLE OF ACCOUNTING
1.1 Book-keeping and Accounting
- Difference between book-keeping and accounting
- Role of accounting
- Define book-keeping
- Define accounting
- Explain the main difference between book-keeping and accounting
- Explain the main role of accounting
- Explain how past performance can be analysed to provide a guide for future
decision making
In this syllabus, the definition of accounting is defined as the process of recording,
summarising, reporting, analyzing and interpretation of financial information of an organisation.
1.2 Accounting Principles
- Main accounting concepts and principles underlying the preparation of final accounts
- Explain the basic accounting concepts and principles
- accounting entity (or business entity)
- accounting period
- accrual concept/matching principle
- consistency
- duality
- going concern
- historical cost
- monetary assumption or money measurement
- materiality
- objectivity
- prudence or conservatism
- realisation concept
- Identify the accounting concepts and principles applied in given situations
Candidates should be introduced to these accounting concepts and principles at relevant sections of
the syllabus, where appropriate.
2 DOUBLE ENTRY SYSTEM OF BOOK-KEEPING
2.1 The Accounting Equation
- Assets, Liabilities and Owners’ Equity
- Accounting equation: relationship between Assets, Liabilities and Owners’ Equity
- Cash and credit transactions
- Explain the meaning of assets, liabilities and owners’ equity
- List examples of assets, liabilities and owners’ equity
- Classify items as assets and liabilities
- State the accounting equation: Assets = Capital + Liabilities
- Calculate the value of assets, liabilities and capital using the accounting
equation
- Analyse and state the effects of transactions on the accounting equation
- Distinguish between cash transactions (resulting in immediate cash payment)
and credit transactions (payments are postponed)
2.2 - The Double Entry System
- Process accounting data using the double entry system
- Double entry rules
- Explain the meaning of revenue and expenses
- State the double entry rules
- Identify the accounts to be debited and credited for various transactions
- Apply the double entry rules for recording:
- purchases and sales of stock on cash and on credit terms
- returns of stock previously purchased on cash and/or credit terms
- returns of stock previously sold on cash and/or credit terms
- withdrawal of stock and cash for owners’ personal use
- all other cash and credit transactions
2.3 Source Documents
- Purpose of source documents
- Types of source documents
- Explain the purpose of source documents
- Identify and state the use of the following source documents:
- invoice
- credit note
- debit note
- payment voucher
- cheque and cheque counterfoil
- receipt and cash register slips
- bank statement
- petty cash voucher
Candidates will not be required to know the details in these
documents.
2.4 Books of Prime Entry
- Purpose of books of prime entry
- Advantages of using subsidiary books
- Explain the purpose of using books of prime entry
- Explain the usefulness of recording transactions in the subsidiary books e.g.
- records similar transactions
- reduces unnecessary details in the ledger as only totals are posted to the
ledger
- Identify the types of books of prime entry:
- special journals i.e. purchases journal, purchases returns journal, sales
journal and sales returns journal
- cash book (including petty cash book)
- general journal
Candidates are required to know that books of prime entry are also known as books of original entry or
day books.
2.4.1 Purchases Journal
- Purpose of purchases journal
- Trade discount
- Explain the purpose of the purchases journal
- State the source document for recording transactions in the purchases journal
- Interpret the items posted from the purchases journal to the appropriate
accounts in the ledgers
- Explain the meaning of trade discount
- Outline the reasons for giving trade discount
- Calculate trade discount given by suppliers
Questions will not be set on drawing up the purchases journal.
2.4.2 Purchases Returns Journal or Returns Outwards Journal
- Purpose of purchases returns
journal
- Explain the purpose of the purchases returns journal
- Outline the reasons why goods previously purchased are returned to suppliers
- State the source document for recording transactions in the purchases returns
journal
- Interpret the items posted from the purchases returns journal to the appropriate
accounts in the ledgers
- Calculate the amount of returns allowance taking into consideration the trade
discount received on purchase of goods
Questions will not be set on drawing up the purchases returns
journal.
2.4.3 Sales Journal
- Purpose of sales journal
- Trade discount
- Explain the purpose of the sales journal
- State the source document for recording transactions in the sales journal
- Interpret the items posted from the sales journal to the appropriate accounts in
the ledgers
- Calculate trade discount given to customers
Questions will not be set on drawing up the sales journal.
2.4.4 Sales Returns Journal or Returns Inwards Journal
- Purpose of sales returns journal
- Explain the purpose of the sales returns journal
- Outline the reasons why goods previously sold to customers are returned
- State the source document for recording transactions in the sales returns journal
- Interpret the items posted from the sales returns journal to the appropriate
accounts in the ledgers
- Calculate the amount of returns allowance taking into consideration the trade
discount given on sales of goods
Questions will not be set on drawing up the sales returns journal.
2.5 The General Journal
- Purpose of general journal
- Explain the purpose of the general journal i.e. to record the following:
- opening entries
- closing entries
- purchase and sale of fixed assets on credit
- correction of errors, adjustments and transactions not recorded in the other
subsidiary books
- Post transactions from the general journal to the appropriate accounts in the
ledgers
Questions will not be set specifically on recording closing entries in the general journal as
part of the process of transferring expenses and revenue to the Trading and Profit and Loss
Accounts on balance day.
2.6 The Cash Book
- Dual function as a book of prime entry and as a ledger account for bank and cash by use of analysis
columns
- Cash discount
- Dishonoured cheques
- Explain the advantages of keeping cash in the bank
- Explain the purpose of the cash book
- Record transactions in the cash column and bank column of the cash book
- Post the entries from the cash book to the respective ledgers
- Interpret transactions and details in the cash book e.g. discount, total banked or
withdrawn etc.
- Explain the meaning of cash discount
- Outline the reasons for giving cash discounts
- Calculate cash discounts
- Explain the differences between cash discount and trade discount
- Explain the effect of giving and receiving cash discount on net profit
- Outline the reasons for a dishonoured cheque
- Record dishonoured cheque and discounts disallowed in the ledgers
Questions will not be set on drawing up a 3-column cash book.
2.6.1 Bank Reconciliation Statement
- Causes of discrepancy between the cash book balance and the bank
statement balance
- Purpose of preparing bank reconciliation statement
- Explain the differences between bank loan and bank overdraft
- Classify bank accounts, bank overdrafts and bank loans correctly in the Balance
Sheet
- Interpret a bank statement
- Identify and explain the causes of discrepancy between the cash book balance
and the balance on the bank statement
- Explain the need for preparing a bank reconciliation statement
- Reconcile the cash book balance with the bank statement balance by adjusting
entries in the cash book and preparing a bank reconciliation statement, in
respect of the following: unpresented cheques, dishonoured cheques, bank
charges, direct debits, standing orders, credit transfers, dividends, correction of
errors and uncredited deposits
2.6.2 Petty Cash
- Need for a petty cash fund
- Purpose of petty cash book
- Advantages of the imprest system
- Explain the need for a petty cash fund
- Explain the purpose of a petty cash book in relation to the cash book
- Explain the meaning of ‘float’
- Explain the meaning of the imprest system
- Outline the advantages of the imprest system of keeping petty cash
- Interpret the details in the petty cash book
- Calculate and record the amount of reimbursement required to restore the petty
cash balance to the imprest amount
Questions will not be set on drawing up a petty cash book.
2.7 The Ledger
- ‘T’ accounts
- Prepare ledger accounts using ‘T’ account format
- Analyse transactions and post relevant details to the appropriate accounts in the
ledgers
- Balance ledger accounts as required
- Interpret the details and the balances in ledger accounts
Candidates are not required to
- know the use of the folio columns
- give headings to the columnar details i.e. date, particulars and amount in the ‘T’ account.
- Sub-division of ledger into the sales ledger, purchases ledger and the general ledger
- Explain that with the high volume of credit transactions involving debtors and
creditors, separate ledgers are kept for debtors and creditors i.e.
- all trade debtors accounts are kept in the sales ledger
- all trade creditors accounts are kept in the purchases ledger
- all other accounts are kept in the general ledger
- Transactions related to drawings - Explain the meaning of drawings
- Distinguish between withdrawals of stock for business use and for owners’ use
- Record drawings of stock, cash or other assets for owners’ use
- Record the transfer of drawings to the capital account
- Explain the effect of drawings on capital
- Transactions relating to stock
- Explain the purpose of preparing the following accounts:
- Purchases account
- Sales account
- Returns inwards account (or sales returns account)
- Returns outwards account (or purchases returns account)
- Draw up the following accounts to record transactions pertaining to the
movement of stock:
- Purchases account
- Sales account
- Returns inwards account (or sales returns account)
- Returns outwards account (or purchases returns account)
2.8 The Trial Balance
- Purpose of a trial balance
- Limitations of a trial balance
- Errors not revealed by a trial balance
- Errors revealed by a trial balance
- Explain what is meant by a trial balance
- Explain the purpose of preparing a trial balance
- Prepare a trial balance
- Explain why an agreed trial balance is not an absolute proof of accuracy
- Explain the limitations of a trial balance i.e. unable to reveal certain errors
- State the types of errors that are not revealed by a trial balance:
- compensating errors
- complete reversal of entries
- errors of commission
- errors of omission
- errors of original entry
- errors of principle
- Explain the effect of errors on the profit and asset valuation
- State the types of errors that are revealed by a trial balance i.e.
- errors in calculation
- errors in omitting either the debit or the credit entry
- posting of entries to the wrong side of the account
- errors in debiting an account with one amount and crediting the
corresponding account with another amount
- Prepare an adjusted trial balance after correcting errors
3 ACCOUNTING PROCEDURES
3.1 Capital and Revenue Expenditure
- Distinction between capital and revenue expenditure
- Explain the meaning of capital and revenue expenditure
- Distinguish and account for the different treatment of capital and revenue
expenditure
- Classify business expenditure into capital or revenue expenditure
- Explain and show by calculation the effect of the treatment of expenditure on
profit and asset valuation
- Distinguish between capital and revenue receipts
3.2 Accounting for Depreciation
- Causes of depreciation
- Need for provision for depreciation
- Methods of calculating depreciation
- Disposal of fixed asset
- Gain or loss on disposal of fixed assets
- Explain the meaning of depreciation
- Outline the causes of depreciation
- Explain the need for provision for depreciation
- State the methods of calculating depreciation: the straight-line, reducing
(diminishing) balance and revaluation methods
- Calculate depreciation using the straight-line, reducing (diminishing) balance and
revaluation methods
- Compare the straight-line, reducing (diminishing) balance and revaluation
methods of calculating depreciation
- Outline the advantages and disadvantages of the straight-line, reducing
(diminishing) balance and revaluation methods of calculating depreciation
- Calculate the rate of depreciation, length of useful life, amount of depreciation,
cost of fixed asset from given information
- Interpret the depreciation account and provision for depreciation of fixed asset
account
- Prepare the following accounts to record depreciation:
- fixed asset account
- depreciation account
- provision for depreciation account
- Profit and Loss Account
- Explain the effect of the depreciation methods employed on the net profit figure
for the earlier and later years after the acquisition of the fixed asset
- Prepare the following accounts to record the disposal of fixed asset:
- fixed asset account
- provision for depreciation account
- disposal of fixed asset account
- Profit and Loss Account
- Calculate the gain or loss on disposal of fixed assets
The suggested accounting entries for depreciation are as follows:
- debit Depreciation account
- credit Provision for depreciation account
Close the Depreciation account and transfer the balance to the Profit and Loss Account
- debit Profit and Loss Account
- credit Depreciation account
The fixed asset accounts show fixed assets at cost price i.e. no entry is made in the asset
accounts for depreciation.
Questions will not be set on tradein of fixed asset in the acquisition of new asset.
3.3 Adjustments of Ledger Accounts
3.3.1 Accruals and Prepayments
- Accrued expenses and revenue
- Prepaid expenses and revenue
- Prepare adjusting entries in the ledgers for:
- accrued expenses
- accrued revenue
- prepaid expenses
- prepaid revenue
- Show workings to determine the adjusted expenses/revenue and prepayments/
accruals to be transferred to the Profit and Loss Account and the balance to appear in the Balance Sheet
For adjusting entries, it is not required to - draw up the accrued expense and revenue accounts
- make reversing entries in these accrued expense and revenue accounts.
3.3.2 Bad Debts and Provision for Doubtful Debts
- Reasons for incurring bad debts
- Difference between bad debts and doubtful debts
- Provision for doubtful debts
- Explain the reasons for incurring bad debts
- Explain the difference between bad debts and doubtful debts
- Explain the need for provision for doubtful debts
- Prepare adjusting entries in the general journal and ledgers for:
- writing off bad debts
- recovering bad debts including partial settlement of debts
- provision for doubtful debts i.e. creating, increasing and reducing the
provision for doubtful debts
Explain the effect of bad debts, recovery of bad debts and provision for doubtful
debts on net profit and net debtors in the Balance Sheet
Candidates are required to calculate provision for doubtful debts based on the adjusted value
of debtors i.e. after writing off all bad debts.
The suggested accounting entries for provision for doubtful debts are shown below. Alternative methods, which are in line with the accounting conventions, are accepted.
1. Creating provision for doubtful debts and increasing the provision for doubtful debts
- debit Doubtful debts account
- credit Provision for doubtful debts account
Close the Doubtful debts account and transfer the balance to the Profit and Loss Account
- debit Profit and Loss Account
- credit Doubtful debts account
Doubtful debts will be deducted from gross profit as an expense in the Profit and Loss Account.
2. Decreasing the provision for doubtful debts is as follows:
- debit Provision for doubtful debts account
- credit Decrease in doubtful debts account
Close the Decrease in doubtful debts account and transfer the balance to the Profit and Loss Account
- debit Decrease in doubtful debts account
- credit Profit and Loss Account
Decrease in doubtful debts will be added to gross profit as ‘revenue’ in the Profit and Loss Account.
3.4 Correction of Errors
- Double entry to correct errors
- Effects of errors on the profit
- Write up journal entries and/or draw up ledger accounts to correct errors not revealed
by trial balance i.e. errors of omission, errors of commission, errors of principle,
errors of reversal of entries, errors of original entry, compensating errors
- Explain the effects of errors on profit
- Prepare a statement of adjusted profit after correcting errors, both revealed and not
revealed by trial balance
- Prepare an adjusted Balance Sheet or an extract of the Balance Sheet after
correcting the errors, both revealed and not revealed by trial balance
Questions will not be set on suspense account.
3.5 Control Accounts
- Debtors control account
- Creditors control account
- Advantages of control accounts
- Sources of information for control
accounts
- Explain the purpose of the Debtors control account
- Explain the purpose of the Creditors control account
- State the ledger in which the Debtors control account and Creditors control
account are found
- Outline the advantages of keeping control accounts e.g. serve as an
independent check on the sales and purchases ledgers, used to provide totals of
debtors and creditors etc.
- Identify the sources of information for the control account entries from the books
of original entry
- Draw up the Debtors control account showing details in total figures of items
such as credit sales, amount received from debtors, cash discounts allowed,
returns inwards, bad debts, dishonoured cheques, interest on overdue accounts,
and contra entries to Creditors control account etc.
- Draw up the Creditors control account showing details in total figures of items
such as credit purchases, amount paid to creditors, cash discounts received,
returns outwards, carriage charges and contra entries to Debtors control account
etc
Questions will not:
- be set on reconciliation of control accounts
- involve refunds to customer or from supplier
- involve credit balances in the Debtors control account
- involve debit balances in the Creditors control account.
4 FUNDAMENTALS OF PREPARING THE FINAL ACCOUNTS
4.1 Trading Account
- Purpose of Trading Account
- Gross profit/loss
- Cost of purchases
- Stock
- Explain the purpose of the Trading Account
- Explain the meaning of gross profit/loss
- Identify the components which contribute to the cost of goods purchased i.e.
cost of item purchased + carriage inwards + freight inwards + insurance for
shipment of item to business + all other related cost in getting the item ready for
sale
- Explain why closing stock is valued at cost price or net realisable value, whichever is lower i.e. prudence concept
- Define net realisable value
- Prepare a Trading Account in a suitable format from a list of account balances or
a trial balance with the following details:
- opening stock
- net purchases (cost of purchases less returns outwards)
- cost of goods available for sale
- closing stock
- cost of goods sold
- net sales/turnover (sales - returns inwards)
- gross profit/loss
- Calculate the gross profit/loss, based on accounting principles, for a specified
period
Calculation of net realisable value (saleable value less expenses needed before completion of sale)
is not required.
4.2 Profit and Loss Account
- Purpose of Profit and Loss Account
- Net profit/loss
- Operating expenses
- Realisation of profit
- Explain the purpose of the Profit and Loss Account
- Explain the meaning of net profit/loss
- Distinguish the various operating expenses from the cost of purchases
- Explain the differences between gross profit and net profit
- Prepare a Profit and Loss Account in a suitable format from a list of account
balances or a trial balance
- Explain that net profit is represented by a net increase in assets, not necessarily
an increase in cash
Candidates should be able to distinguish between a trading and service business, recognising
terminology such as ‘fees’, ‘income’ as well as ‘sales’.
Candidates are not required to classify expenses.
4.3 Balance Sheet
- Differences between fixed assets,current assets, intangible assets,long-term liabilities, current
liabilities and capital
- Effect of business transactions on the Balance Sheet
- Define Balance Sheet
- Explain the meaning of fixed assets, current assets, intangible assets, long term
liabilities, current liabilities, owners’ equity, working capital and capital employed
(owners’ equity + long-term liabilities)
- Explain the basis of valuation of assets i.e.
- fixed assets at cost less provision for depreciation (or accumulated
depreciation)
- stock in trade at cost or net realisable value, whichever is lower
- trade debtors at expected collectible amount i.e. after deduction of provision
for doubtful debts
- Prepare a classified Balance Sheet in a suitable format showing:
- fixed assets and current assets
- long term liabilities and current liabilities
- details of the capital of the proprietor
- Compute the net worth of the business from details of assets and liabilities
presented in the Balance Sheet
- Explain the effects of business transactions on items in the Balance Sheet
- State the effect of transactions on working capital, capital owned and capital
employed
- Draw up an adjusted Balance Sheet after taking into account transactions that
occurred after the preparation of the Balance Sheet
Candidates are not required to prepare the Balance Sheet in statement form.
5 PREPARATION OF FINAL ACCOUNTS
5.1 Sole Trader
- Prepare Trading Account, Profit and Loss Account and Balance Sheet
- Make adjustments for provision for depreciation using straight-line, diminishing
(reducing) balance and revaluation methods
- Make adjustments for provision for doubtful debts
- Make adjustments for accruals and prepayments to take account of accrued and
prepaid expenses and outstanding and prepaid income
- Make adjustments for goods taken by owner for own use
Questions may be set on service businesses where a Trading Account is not required.
5.2 Partnership
- Advantages and disadvantages of forming a partnership
- Need for partnership agreement
- Common terms in partnership agreement
- Features and capital structure
- Capital accounts
- Current accounts
- Profit and Loss Appropriation
Account
- Explain the advantages and disadvantages of forming a partnership
- Explain why a partnership agreement is drawn up
- List the common terms contained in the Partnership Agreement
- Apply the rules governing the interests of partners in the Partnership Act,
Singapore, in the absence of the partnership agreement, i.e.
- all partners share the profits and losses equally
- no interest on capital will be paid
- no partners are entitled to salary
- loans by partners are paid an interest of 5% per annum
- Compare and contrast sole trader with partnership in terms of their features,
capital structure and profit sharing
- Record the capital contributions made by partners both in cash or non-cash
assets in the formation of a partnership
- Explain the advantages of using current accounts to record appropriated profits,
interest on capital, interest on partners’ loans and drawings of partners etc
- Explain why a current account may have a debit balance
- Draw up the Trading, Profit and Loss and Appropriation Accounts and Balance
Sheet of a partnership
- Draw up partners’ capital and current accounts both in ledger form or as part of a
balance sheet presentation
- Prepare the final accounts of a partnership showing the treatment of interest on
capital, partners’ salaries, interest on drawings and interest on partners’ loans
where appropriate In the absence of a partnership agreement, the rules governing the interests of partners in the Partnership Act will be provided in the question.
Candidates will present:
- partners’ capital accounts separate from the current accounts in the Balance Sheet
- interest on partners’ loans in the Profit and Loss Account
- interest on capital, partners’ salaries, and interest on drawings in the Appropriation Account in a suitable format.
5.2.1 Amalgamation of Businesses
- Reasons for amalgamation
- Need for revaluation of assets
- Meaning of goodwill
- Factors contributing to goodwill
- Need for determining the value of goodwill
- Classification of goodwill
- Explain why two sole proprietors amalgamate their businesses to form a
partnership
- Explain the need to revalue assets of the existing businesses upon the
amalgamation of two sole proprietorships
- Adjust the capital accounts of the two sole proprietorships when assets are
revalued and liabilities paid off before the amalgamation
- Draw up the revised Balance Sheets of the two sole proprietors after the
adjustments
- Draw up the Balance Sheet of the newly formed partnership
- Explain the meaning of goodwill
- State the factors that give rise to goodwill e.g. management skill or “know-how”,
reputation for service and quality of goods, favourable location of the business,
good public relations, branding strategy etc.
- Explain the need for determining the value of goodwill when the ownership of
business changes
- Prepare a Goodwill account i.e. debit goodwill account, credit capital account for
a sole proprietorship
- Classify goodwill in the Balance Sheet as an intangible asset
Candidates are not required to draw up a revaluation account.
The following are not required:
- admission of partner
- dissolution of partnership
- purchase of a business
- premium paid for goodwill
- writing off goodwill.
5.3 Incomplete Records
- Determine a business’ profit or loss from incomplete records, by - comparing changes in capital
over time
- analysing records to derive the missing information in preparing the final accounts
- Explain why accounting information may be incomplete e.g. due to nonadherence
to the double-entry system of recording transactions or unfortunate
circumstances e.g. fire destroying partial records etc.
- Prepare opening and closing statement of affairs
- Calculate net profit/loss by comparing the capital at the end of the period with
capital at the beginning of the period, with adjustments made to drawings and
new capital contributions
- Compute figures from incomplete information:
- Capital: drawing up a statement of affairs with adjustments made to assets
and liabilities (e.g. depreciation, bad debts etc.)
- Credit sales: drawing up debtors account from information available
- Total sales: deriving the total sales figure from information available
- Credit purchases: drawing up creditors account from information available
- Total purchases: deriving the total purchases figure from information
available
- Expenses: drawing up the expense account from information available to
ascertain the actual amount of expenses incurred, taking into account the
prepayments and accruals
- Depreciation: calculate rate of depreciation, length of useful life, amount of
depreciation, cost of fixed asset
- Gain/loss on disposal of assets: disposal of asset account to ascertain the
gain or loss on assets disposed for the period
- Financial ratios and formulae: calculate mark-up, margin and stockturn (or
rate of stock turnover)
6.1 Financial Relationships
- Users of accounting information
- Importance of professional ethics in
accounting
- Accounting ratios and formulae
- Identify the internal and external users who have an interest in the accounting
information of a business e.g. internal users include owners and managers;
external users include prospective partner, prospective buyer, creditors,
competitors and the bank
- Explain the importance of professional ethics in accounting
- Explain how the stewardship function of accounting for business units requires
objectiveness
- Explain the need to report and present a true and fair view of the profit or loss
and financial position of business
- Explain how a user would use business reports
- Calculate the following accounting ratios and formulae:
- Working capital ratio (current ratio)
- Quick ratio (acid test ratio)
Guidance should be given to candidates to relate the importance of professional ethics
to the accounting theories.
- Gross profit margin (gross profit as a percentage of sales)
- Mark-up on cost
- Percentage of expenses to turnover
- Net profit margin (net profit as a percentage of sales)
- Stockturn (or rate of stock turnover)
Questions will not be set on return on capital employed.
- Effect of stock valuation on profit,
capital and assets
- Explain the importance of measuring the liquidity and profitability of a business
- Interpret the ratios and performance indicators calculated e.g. give possible
reasons for a change in ratios or the significance of ratios in relation to a given
situation.
- Compare the liquidity and profitability of a business over two years or with that of
another business i.e. comment with supporting figures given or calculated
- Explain the effect of incorrect valuation of stock (i.e. understatement or
overstatement) on
- gross profit, net profit, capital and asset valuation
- current and following year’s gross and net profits
Questions will not be set on:
- goods received or sent on
sale or return basis
- adjusting stock take figures before and after balance-day.
SUMMARY OF ACCOUNTING RATIOS AND FORMULAE
1. RATIOS MEASURING THE LIQUIDITY OF A BUSINESS:
a. Working capital ratio (current ratio) =
Current Liabilities/Current Assets
b. Quick ratio (acid test ratio) =
Current Liabilities/(Current Assets - Stock – Prepayments)
2. FORMULAE MEASURING THE PROFITABILITY OF A BUSINESS:
a. Gross profit margin = 100%
Turnover (Net Sales)
Gross Profit
×
b. Mark-up on cost = 100%
Cost of Goods Sold
Gross Profit
×
c. Percentage of expenses to turnover = 100%
Turnover (Net Sales)
Total Expenses
×
d. Net profit margin = 100%
Turnover (Net Sales)
Net Profit
×
e. Stockturn (rate of stock turnover) =
Average Stock at Cost Price
Cost of Goods Sold
= number of times
3. OTHER FORMULAE:
a. Working capital = Current Assets - Current Liabilities
b. Capital owned = Total Assets - Total Liabilities
c. Capital employed = Owners’ Equity + Long-term Liabilities
ASSESSMENT OBJECTIVES
The assessment objectives tested in Principles of Accounts are broadly categorised in the following hierarchical order:
AO1 Knowledge with understanding
AO2 Knowledge with application
AO3 Analysis
AO4 Evaluation
A description of each assessment objective is as follows:
AO1 Knowledge with understanding
Candidates should be able to:
-demonstrate knowledge and understanding of facts, concepts, principles and
procedures appropriate to the syllabus;
-demonstrate understanding of knowledge through numeracy, literacy, presentation and
comprehension;
AO2 Knowledge with application
Candidates should be able to:
-apply knowledge and information to various accounting situations and problems;
AO3 Analysis
Candidates should be able to:
-select, analyse and order information in written, numerical and tabular form;
-present appropriate information in an accepted accounting form;
AO4 Evaluation
Candidates should be able to:
- interpret and evaluate accounting information and to draw reasoned conclusions.
SPECIFICATION GRID
The relationship between the assessment objectives and components of the scheme of
assessment is as follows:
Assessment
Objectives
AO1 Knowledge with understanding
AO2 Knowledge with application
AO3 Analysis
AO4 Evaluation
Overall Weighting
Paper 1 15% 10% 10% 5% 40%
Paper 2 10% 20% 20% 10% 60%
Total 25% 30% 30% 15% 100%
The assessment objectives are weighted to give an indication of their relative importance.
They are not intended to provide a precise statement of the number of marks in particular
skills.
SCHEME OF ASSESSMENT
DETAILS DURATION WEIGHTING
Paper 1
3 to 4 compulsory structured questions
(40 marks)
1 hr
40%
In Paper 1 candidates will write their answers on the question paper.
DETAILS DURATION WEIGHTING
Paper 2
4 structured questions (60 marks)
Section A (48 marks)
3 compulsory structured questions
Section B (12 marks)
Choose 1 out of 2 structured questions
2 hrs
60%
In Paper 2 Section A will have one question on the preparation of final accounts, which carries 20 marks. Candidates will be provided with multi-column accounting stationery for answering questions in this Paper.
While candidates are expected to have exposure to the use of IT in the preparation and presentation of accounting information, the use of computerised accounting software is not required in the examination. An appreciation of the usefulness of computerised accounting systems in the preparation of accurate accounting information will suffice
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